光伏车棚作为新型基础设施，正逐步改变城市停车场的传统形态。这种将太阳能发电与车辆停放功能相结合的建筑形式，通过在钢结构支架上铺设光伏组件，构建出具备遮阳、挡雨、发电多重功能的复合空间。其核心价值不仅体现在对土地资源的立体化利用，更在于为电动汽车、电动自行车等新能源交通工具提供绿色电力支持。

　　As a new type of infrastructure, photovoltaic carports are gradually changing the traditional form of urban parking lots. This building form, which combines solar power generation with vehicle parking function, constructs a composite space with multiple functions of sun shading, rain blocking, and power generation by laying photovoltaic modules on steel structure supports. Its core value is not only reflected in the three-dimensional utilization of land resources, but also in providing green power support for new energy transportation vehicles such as electric vehicles and electric bicycles.

　　光伏车棚的发电效能取决于组件选型与布局优化。单晶硅电池板因转换效率高、衰减率低，成为主流配置方案。在典型设计中，车棚顶面采用倾斜角安装，角度设定需兼顾发电量与排水需求，通常取当地纬度加减10°范围。组件间距经过精密计算，确保冬季最小间距不遮挡后排采光，夏季最大间距实现通风散热。部分项目采用双玻组件，利用上下表面同时发电，将单位面积发电量提升15%-20%。

　　The power generation efficiency of photovoltaic carports depends on component selection and layout optimization. Monocrystalline silicon solar panels have become the mainstream configuration solution due to their high conversion efficiency and low attenuation rate. In typical designs, the roof of the carport is installed at an inclined angle that takes into account both power generation and drainage needs. The angle is usually set within a range of plus or minus 10 degrees of local latitude. The spacing between components is precisely calculated to ensure that the minimum spacing in winter does not obstruct the rear lighting, and the maximum spacing in summer achieves ventilation and heat dissipation. Some projects use double glass components to generate electricity simultaneously on the upper and lower surfaces, increasing the power generation per unit area by 15% -20%.

　　电气系统设计是保障稳定运行的关键。直流汇流箱将各光伏组串电流汇总后，通过逆变器转换为交流电。对于大型车棚群，采用组串式逆变器方案可实现每路MPPT独立跟踪，提升发电量5%以上。电能输出端配置防雷模块与电涌保护器，确保系统耐受直击雷与感应雷冲击。在并网模式下，余电可自动上传至电网；离网系统则配置储能电池，满足夜间或阴雨天用电需求。

　　Electrical system design is the key to ensuring stable operation. The DC combiner box summarizes the current of each photovoltaic string and converts it into AC power through an inverter. For large carport groups, adopting a string inverter scheme can achieve independent tracking of each MPPT and increase power generation by more than 5%. The power output end is equipped with lightning protection modules and surge protectors to ensure that the system can withstand direct lightning strikes and induced lightning impacts. In grid connected mode, surplus electricity can be automatically uploaded to the grid; Off grid systems are equipped with energy storage batteries to meet the electricity demand during nighttime or rainy days.

　　结构安全性需通过多维度验证。主体钢结构需满足抗风压、抗雪载、抗震等规范要求，基础锚栓抗拔力不低于设计值的1.5倍。光伏组件与支架连接采用专用压块，配合不锈钢螺栓固定，确保25年使用周期内无松动。对于沿海高盐雾区域，钢结构表面需进行热镀锌处理，镀层厚度不低于80μm，连接件选用316L不锈钢材质，提升耐腐蚀性能。

　　The structural safety needs to be verified through multidimensional verification. The main steel structure shall meet the requirements of wind pressure resistance, snow load resistance, earthquake resistance and other specifications, and the pull-out resistance of the foundation anchor bolts shall not be less than 1.5 times the design value. The connection between the photovoltaic module and the bracket adopts a dedicated pressure block, which is fixed with stainless steel bolts to ensure that there is no looseness during the 25 year service life. For high salt spray areas along the coast, the surface of steel structures needs to be hot-dip galvanized with a coating thickness of not less than 80 μ m. The connectors are made of 316L stainless steel material to improve corrosion resistance.

　　智能监控系统赋予车棚运维新模式。通过环境监测仪实时采集辐照度、温湿度、风速等数据，结合发电量曲线分析，可快速定位故障组件。视频监控系统集成车牌识别功能，实现停车管理与安防监控的联动。部分项目部署无线充电模块，电动汽车停放期间即可自动补电，形成“光储充放”一体化微网。

　　The intelligent monitoring system endows carport operation and maintenance with a new mode. Real time collection of irradiance, temperature and humidity, wind speed and other data through environmental monitoring instruments, combined with analysis of power generation curves, can quickly locate faulty components. The video surveillance system integrates license plate recognition function to achieve linkage between parking management and security monitoring. Some projects deploy wireless charging modules, which can automatically recharge electric vehicles during parking, forming an integrated microgrid of "light storage charging and discharging".

　　在应用场景拓展方面，光伏车棚正突破传统停车场边界。与建筑一体化设计的BIPV车棚，其屋面光伏组件同时作为建筑围护结构，实现功能与美学的统一。农业园区采用透光型光伏组件，在发电同时满足下方植物生长光照需求。高速公路服务区建设光伏车棚群，形成分布式发电网络，为充电桩、照明、服务设施提供清洁电力。

　　In terms of expanding application scenarios, photovoltaic carports are breaking through the boundaries of traditional parking lots. The BIPV carport integrated with the building design, with its roof photovoltaic modules serving as the building envelope structure, achieves the unity of function and aesthetics. The agricultural park adopts transparent photovoltaic modules to generate electricity while meeting the light requirements for plant growth below. Construct a photovoltaic carport group in the highway service area to form a distributed power generation network, providing clean electricity for charging piles, lighting, and service facilities.

　　光伏车棚的经济性评估需考量全生命周期成本。虽然初期投资较传统车棚高出30%-50%，但通过发电收益、碳交易收入、政府补贴等多渠道回报，项目内部收益率可达8%-12%。在土地资源紧缺的一二线城市，光伏车棚的复合利用模式可提升土地价值，创造额外经济收益。

　　The economic evaluation of photovoltaic carports needs to consider the full lifecycle cost. Although the initial investment is 30% -50% higher than traditional carports, the internal rate of return of the project can reach 8% -12% through multiple channels such as power generation revenue, carbon trading revenue, and government subsidies. In first and second tier cities with scarce land resources, the composite utilization mode of photovoltaic carports can enhance land value and create additional economic benefits.

　　光伏车棚作为绿色基础设施的典型代表，通过技术创新与模式融合，正从单一功能设施向智慧能源节点演进。其发展不仅契合“双碳”目标下的能源转型需求，更为城市可持续发展提供了可复制的解决方案。随着技术进步与成本下降，光伏车棚有望成为未来停车场的标准配置，推动交通领域与能源领域的深度协同。

　　As a typical representative of green infrastructure, photovoltaic carports are evolving from single functional facilities to smart energy nodes through technological innovation and mode integration. Its development not only meets the energy transformation needs under the "dual carbon" goal, but also provides replicable solutions for urban sustainable development. With technological advancements and cost reductions, photovoltaic carports are expected to become a standard configuration for future parking lots, promoting deep collaboration between the transportation and energy sectors.

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