分布式光伏发电是一种将太阳能直接转换为电能，并就近消纳的发电模式。其核心特征在于“分布式”布局，即发电系统贴近用户侧，通过模块化设计实现灵活安装与高效利用。该模式颠覆了传统集中式发电的长距离输电模式，显著降低了能源传输损耗，同时提升了电力系统的韧性与可再生能源渗透率。

　　Distributed photovoltaic power generation is a power generation mode that directly converts solar energy into electrical energy and consumes it locally. Its core feature lies in the "distributed" layout, which means that the power generation system is close to the user side, and flexible installation and efficient utilization are achieved through modular design. This mode overturns the traditional centralized power generation long-distance transmission mode, significantly reduces energy transmission losses, and improves the resilience of the power system and the penetration rate of renewable energy.

　　从技术架构维度划分，分布式光伏发电可分为三大类：

　　From the perspective of technical architecture, distributed photovoltaic power generation can be divided into three categories:

　　1. 户用型光伏系统

　　1. Household photovoltaic system

　　户用系统是分布式光伏的最小单元，通常安装于居民住宅屋顶或庭院。系统容量多在3-20千瓦之间，采用单相逆变器接入220伏低压电网。其技术特点包括：

　　The household system is the smallest unit of distributed photovoltaics, usually installed on the roofs or courtyards of residential buildings. The system capacity is mostly between 3-20 kilowatts, and a single-phase inverter is used to connect to a 220 volt low-voltage power grid. Its technical features include:

　　模块化设计：由若干块标准光伏组件组成，支持扩展与迁移。

　　Modular design: composed of several standard photovoltaic modules, supporting expansion and migration.

　　智能监控：通过物联网技术实现发电量、故障状态的远程监测。

　　Intelligent monitoring: remote monitoring of power generation and fault status through IoT technology.

　　经济性优势：自发自用余电上网模式，可降低家庭用电成本。

　　Economic advantage: The spontaneous use of surplus electricity for grid connection can reduce household electricity costs.

　　2. 工商业屋顶光伏

　　2. Industrial and commercial rooftop photovoltaics

　　该类型系统广泛部署于工厂、商场、办公楼等建筑屋顶，容量范围从数十千瓦至兆瓦级不等。其技术特征包括：

　　This type of system is widely deployed on rooftops of buildings such as factories, shopping malls, and office buildings, with capacities ranging from tens of kilowatts to megawatts. Its technical features include:

　　高功率密度：采用高效单晶硅组件，单位面积发电量提升。

　　High power density: using efficient monocrystalline silicon components to increase power generation per unit area.

　　多模式运行：支持自发自用、余电上网或全额上网模式。

　　Multi mode operation: supports spontaneous self use, surplus power grid connection, or full grid connection mode.

　　储能耦合：部分项目配置储能电池，实现峰谷价差套利与需求响应。

　　Energy storage coupling: Some projects are equipped with energy storage batteries to achieve peak valley price arbitrage and demand response.

　　3. 特殊场景应用系统

　　3. Special scenario application system

　　针对特定地理或建筑条件，衍生出多种创新型分布式光伏系统：

　　Various innovative distributed photovoltaic systems have been derived based on specific geographical or building conditions:

　　农光互补系统：在农业大棚顶部架设光伏组件，实现“板上发电、板下种植”的土地复合利用。

　　Agricultural photovoltaic complementary system: Install photovoltaic modules on the top of agricultural greenhouses to achieve land composite utilization of "on-board power generation and off board planting".

　　渔光互补系统：水面光伏阵列与渔业养殖结合，组件离地高度需满足渔船通行与水面光照需求。

　　Fishery photovoltaic complementary system: The combination of surface photovoltaic arrays and fishery aquaculture requires the components to be at a height above the ground that meets the requirements of fishing vessel passage and surface illumination.

　　建筑一体化光伏（BIPV）：将光伏组件与建筑材料融合，如光伏幕墙、光伏瓦等，兼具发电与建筑功能。

　　Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Integrating photovoltaic modules with building materials, such as photovoltaic curtain walls, photovoltaic tiles, etc., with both power generation and building functions.

　　从并网模式维度，分布式光伏可分为：

　　From the perspective of grid connection mode, distributed photovoltaics can be divided into:

　　全额上网型：所发电量全部注入电网，适用于自发用电需求低的场景。

　　Full grid connection type: All generated electricity is injected into the grid, suitable for scenarios with low demand for spontaneous electricity consumption.

　　自发自用余电上网型：优先满足本地负载，剩余电量售予电网，该模式可最大化用户收益。

　　Spontaneous self use surplus electricity grid connection type: prioritize meeting local loads, and sell surplus electricity to the grid. This mode can maximize user revenue.

　　离网型：配备储能装置，适用于偏远无电地区或应急供电场景。

　　Off grid type: equipped with energy storage devices, suitable for remote areas without electricity or emergency power supply scenarios.

　　在组件技术路线方面，分布式光伏呈现多元化发展趋势：

　　In terms of component technology roadmap, distributed photovoltaics are showing a diversified development trend:

　　晶硅组件：占据市场主导地位，转换效率高。

　　Crystalline silicon components: dominate the market with high conversion efficiency.

　　薄膜组件：具有弱光性好、柔性可弯曲等优势，适用于异形建筑表面。

　　Thin film components: With advantages such as good low light resistance and flexibility, they are suitable for irregular building surfaces.

　　钙钛矿组件：实验室效率突破，未来有望在轻量化场景应用。

　　Perovskite components: laboratory efficiency breakthrough, expected to be applied in lightweight scenarios in the future.

　　分布式光伏发电的分类体系持续演进，随着技术融合与商业模式创新，其应用边界不断拓展。从居民住宅到工业园区，从陆地到水域，分布式光伏正成为推动能源消费革命与碳中和目标实现的关键力量。

　　The classification system of distributed photovoltaic power generation continues to evolve, and with the integration of technology and innovation of business models, its application boundaries are constantly expanding. Distributed photovoltaics are becoming a key force in driving the energy consumption revolution and achieving carbon neutrality goals, from residential buildings to industrial parks, from land to water.

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