分布式光伏发电是一种基于用户侧就近利用太阳能资源的发电模式，其核心特点是将太阳能电池板安装在建筑物屋顶、空地等靠近电力消耗的场所，通过光伏组件将太阳光能直接转化为电能，满足本地用电需求，多余电力可接入电网。这种发电方式打破了传统集中式发电的远距离传输模式，实现了 “就近生产、就近消纳”，在能源转型与环境保护中占据重要地位。

　　Distributed photovoltaic power generation is a power generation model based on the nearby utilization of solar energy resources by users. Its core feature is to install solar panels on the roofs of buildings, open spaces, and other places close to electricity consumption. Through photovoltaic modules, solar energy is directly converted into electricity to meet local electricity demand, and excess electricity can be connected to the grid. This power generation method breaks the traditional centralized power generation long-distance transmission mode, achieving "nearby production and consumption", and occupies an important position in energy transformation and environmental protection.

　　从技术原理来看，分布式光伏发电依赖光伏效应实现能量转换。太阳能电池板由多个半导体材料制成的光伏电池片组成，当太阳光照射到电池片表面时，光子能量激发半导体中的电子，形成光生电流，经过逆变器将直流电转换为交流电，即可供家庭、企业等用户直接使用。与集中式光伏电站相比，分布式光伏发电的装机容量较小，通常从几千瓦到几兆瓦不等，更适合小规模、分散式的能源供应，例如一栋居民楼的屋顶光伏系统可满足该楼 30%-50% 的用电需求。

　　From a technical perspective, distributed photovoltaic power generation relies on the photovoltaic effect to achieve energy conversion. A solar panel is composed of photovoltaic cells made of multiple semiconductor materials. When sunlight shines on the surface of the cells, photon energy excites electrons in the semiconductor, forming a photocurrent. The direct current is converted into alternating current by an inverter, which can be directly used by households, businesses, and other users. Compared with centralized photovoltaic power plants, distributed photovoltaic power generation has a smaller installed capacity, usually ranging from several kilowatts to several megawatts, making it more suitable for small-scale, decentralized energy supply. For example, a rooftop photovoltaic system in a residential building can meet 30% -50% of the building's electricity demand.

　　分布式光伏发电的应用场景具有显著的分散性与贴近用户的特点。在城市建筑领域，工商业厂房屋顶是理想的安装场所，这些屋顶面积大、光照条件稳定，安装光伏板后可直接为工厂生产供电，降低企业电费支出，同时减少因外购火电产生的碳排放。例如，大型商场的屋顶光伏系统，在白天用电高峰时段发电量最大，可直接供应商场的空调、照明用电，多余电力并入电网获得收益。在居民住宅领域，户用分布式光伏系统能满足家庭日常用电，尤其适合农村地区或别墅区，既解决偏远地区电网覆盖不足的问题，又为居民提供清洁能源。

　　The application scenarios of distributed photovoltaic power generation have significant characteristics of decentralization and closeness to users. In the field of urban construction, the roofs of industrial and commercial plants are ideal installation sites. These roofs have large areas and stable lighting conditions. After installing photovoltaic panels, they can directly supply power to the factory's production, reduce the company's electricity expenses, and at the same time reduce carbon emissions caused by purchasing thermal power from external sources. For example, the rooftop photovoltaic system of a large shopping mall generates the maximum amount of electricity during peak daytime hours, which can directly supply the mall's air conditioning and lighting power, and the excess electricity can be integrated into the power grid to generate revenue. In the field of residential buildings, household distributed photovoltaic systems can meet the daily electricity needs of households, especially suitable for rural areas or villa areas. They not only solve the problem of insufficient power grid coverage in remote areas, but also provide clean energy for residents.

　　农业与分布式光伏发电的结合形成了特色应用模式。在农业大棚顶部安装光伏板，既能利用大棚空间发电，又能为大棚内作物提供适宜的光照条件，实现 “上发电、下种植” 的双赢。例如，在蔬菜大棚上方架设光伏组件，夏季可遮挡强光避免作物灼伤，冬季则通过光伏板吸收热量提升大棚温度，同时发电量可用于大棚的灌溉、温控设备供电，降低农业生产的能源成本。此外，鱼塘上方的光伏系统既能发电，又不影响水下养殖，提高了土地资源的综合利用效率。

　　The combination of agriculture and distributed photovoltaic power generation has formed a distinctive application model. Installing photovoltaic panels on the top of agricultural greenhouses can not only utilize the greenhouse space to generate electricity, but also provide suitable lighting conditions for crops inside the greenhouse, achieving a win-win situation of "generating electricity from above and planting from below". For example, installing photovoltaic modules above vegetable greenhouses can block strong light and prevent crop burns in summer, while absorbing heat through photovoltaic panels to increase greenhouse temperature in winter. At the same time, the generated electricity can be used for irrigation and temperature control equipment in greenhouses, reducing energy costs in agricultural production. In addition, the photovoltaic system above the fish pond can generate electricity without affecting underwater aquaculture, improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land resources.

　　分布式光伏发电的并网特性使其与电网形成灵活互动。当光伏系统发电量超过本地用电需求时，多余电力通过配电网络反向送入电网，用户可获得电费收益；当发电量不足时，用户可从电网购入电力，保障用电连续性。这种 “自发自用、余电上网” 的模式，既减少了电力传输过程中的损耗，又增强了电网的负荷调节能力，尤其在用电高峰时段，分布式光伏的发电量可缓解电网压力。部分地区还支持 “隔墙售电”，即分布式光伏用户可将多余电力直接出售给邻近的企业或居民，进一步提升能源利用的灵活性。

　　The grid connected characteristics of distributed photovoltaic power generation enable flexible interaction with the power grid. When the power generation of the photovoltaic system exceeds the local electricity demand, the excess electricity is sent back to the grid through the distribution network, and users can obtain electricity revenue; When the power generation is insufficient, users can purchase electricity from the grid to ensure the continuity of electricity consumption. This "spontaneous self use and surplus electricity grid connection" mode not only reduces losses during power transmission, but also enhances the load regulation capability of the power grid, especially during peak electricity consumption periods, where the power generation of distributed photovoltaics can alleviate the pressure on the power grid. Some regions also support "wall to wall electricity sales", which means distributed photovoltaic users can directly sell excess electricity to nearby businesses or residents, further enhancing the flexibility of energy utilization.

　　经济性与环保性是分布式光伏发电的重要优势。从经济角度看，分布式光伏的初始投资主要包括光伏组件、逆变器、安装支架等，随着技术进步，成本已大幅下降，一般 5-8 年可收回投资，后续 20 年可产生稳定收益。在政策支持方面，许多地区对分布式光伏提供度电补贴、税收优惠等，降低了用户的投资门槛。从环保角度看，分布式光伏发电过程中不排放二氧化碳、二氧化硫等污染物，每发 1 千瓦时电可减少约 0.9 千克二氧化碳排放，一个 10 千瓦的户用光伏系统每年可减排二氧化碳约 10 吨，相当于植树 500 棵，对改善区域空气质量具有积极意义。

　　Economy and environmental friendliness are important advantages of distributed photovoltaic power generation. From an economic perspective, the initial investment in distributed photovoltaics mainly includes photovoltaic modules, inverters, installation brackets, etc. With technological progress, costs have significantly decreased, and the investment can generally be recovered within 5-8 years, with stable returns generated over the next 20 years. In terms of policy support, many regions provide subsidies and tax incentives for distributed photovoltaics, lowering the investment threshold for users. From an environmental perspective, distributed photovoltaic power generation does not emit pollutants such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Each kilowatt hour of electricity generated can reduce about 0.9 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions. A 10 kilowatt household photovoltaic system can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 10 tons per year, equivalent to planting 500 trees, which has a positive impact on improving regional air quality.

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